Early Pregnancy and Fertility Tests
نویسنده
چکیده
Many are the waies Authors have left for Women to know whether they be with Child or not, which happen true in many Women, but not in all .. -Nich. Culpeper' Whether a woman has become pregnant and whether she is able to become so have been urgent questions since mankind began to speculate about the future. Many are the procedures by which men and women have tried to make Nature reply. Most of the "tests" are very old, and almost all of them are unreliable. Whether they originated in the chilly caverns of superstition, were developed empirically, or were devised on a theoretical basis, they exemplify man's search for the answers to important mysteries. A review of the methods discloses some interesting historical patterns.t In such a review it is preferable to consider pregnancy and fertility tests together because, as we shall see, the wording of the prognosis was sometimes ambiguous. Most often it was stated, in effect, that if the test had a certain result, the woman "will bear." Whether this meant that she had conceived, or simply that she could do so, might not be specified. Uroscopy, diagnosis by examination of the patient's urine, had been practised since the early days of Arabic medicine and possibly before. The urine of pregnancy was believed to have special features, particularly if it were stored in a glass container for a few days. A special characteristic was the pearly film or Kyesteine reported to form on the surface. The story of this phenomenon has been well told by Marshall,' and will not be repeated here. It appears that the surface layer is due to the stimulation of bacterial growth by the hormones of pregnancy. Curiously enough, although Avicenna, Hippocrates, and Savonarola, according to Marshall, were aware of the changes occurring in stored pregnancy urine, the Kyesteine was not fully described until Nauche published his observations in 1831. A century later, Aschheim and Zondek' devised their test, now widely used, which, although it does not depend on the appearance of the specimen, is based also
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
دوره 30 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1957